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Canada is a country in the North American continent, north of the United States of America.

Contents 1 Canada in North America 2 Provinces and Territories 3 Energy Use in Canada 3.1 Energy intensity for Canadian sectors 4 Biomass inventory 5 Infrastructure 5.1 Transportation 5.1.1 Road 5.1.2 Canada Rail System 5.1.2.1 Freight logistics 5.1.3 Sea 5.1.4 Air 5.2 Supply chains 6 Further Information Resources 7 References:

Canada in North America

Figure 1: Canada within North American continent^[1]

Provinces and Territories

Canada has ten provinces and three territories.

Figure 2: Provinces and Territories of Canada

Energy Use in Canada

Table 1 shows energy use in Canada by sector for 2007^[2]

Table 1: Energy Use in Canada by Sector 2007

Sector	Energy Use (PJ)
Residential	1447
Commercial / Institutional	1141
Industrial	3472
Passenger Transportation	1412
Freight Transportation	1085
Off-Road	98
Agriculture	215
TOTAL	8870

Energy intensity for Canadian sectors

Biomass inventory

A summary of biomass inventory in Canada is given in Figure 3.

A 2003 report^[3] on Canada's biomass inventory discusses the broad origins of biomass, being forest, agriculture and municipal waste.

Figure 3: Canada biomass inventory 2003

Infrastructure

Transportation

The costs of transportation in Canada have been studied in a recent report by Transport Canada^[4].

Road

Every year about 42.5 million vehicles cross the Ontario - US border, including 8.5 million trucks. CAD1.2 billion worth of trade moves along Ontario's strategic trade corridors each year ^[5].

The MacDonald Cartier Freeway (Highway 401) offers express, toll-free delivery of products throughout southern Ontario, with linkages into the Northeastern United States^[6]. The town of Greater Napanee is located on Highway 401.

Canada Rail System

Canada has over 48000 km of track and the rail system moves over 300 million tonnes of cargo each year^[7].

• VIA Rail Canada is the major passenger operator.
• Canadian Pacific Railway and Canadian National Railways are the major freight operators.

Freight logistics

The Canadian rail freight logistics system is "large and complex with [Canadian National] and [Canadian Pacific] operating nearly 1000 trains a day, serving hundreds of customers. Delivering effective rail transportation services to shippers, receivers, ports and terminals requires the planning, scheduling and management of approximately 2,000 train crews, 3,000 locomotives, and 200,000 rail cars across CN and CP’s networks each day.

In addition to managing their own networks the railways must also coordinate their operations with other railways, including some 49 short line operators, in the interchange of an estimated 10,000 rail cars per day"^[8].

A recent report describing Canada'a rail based freight and logistics system emphasises the importance of the interface processes between railways and customers in order to maximise efficienct operation^[8].

Sea

Montreal, one of the three main container ports in Canada^[9], is close to the Eastern Ontario region.

The Port of Prescott is the only port in Eastern Ontario.

Air

Figue 4: Airports of Canada

Supply chains

One way Canadian logistics and transportation service providers are differentiating themselves is by developing green supply chain management (GSCM) solutions within their organisations or through mandates with their customers and suppliers.

The research report, Green Supply Chain Management: Logistics and Transportation Services - A Canadian Perspectiveidentifies industry perspectives, issues, and drivers for GSCM practices and thus helps inform decision makers of current and future industry needs^[10].

Further Information Resources

1. Agriculture research project - assesses the training needs in the agri-food, bio-resource and environment sectors in Eastern Ontario and identifies related issues.
2. The creative economy_Are you tapped in?- principles and concepts of Business Improvement Areas (BIAs) and Creative Economy initiatives, including case studies and analytical tools.
3. Exploring the Potential for Biomass Power in Ontario - presents the opportunity for renewable biomass to be made in Ontario as an energy resource for the province.
4. Final Report: Adaptation of Water Resource Infrastructure - related Institutions to Climate Change in Eastern Ontario - This study deals with adaptation to climate change of water-related infrastructures in the Eastern Ontario region. The study has several unique features - it is interdisciplinary; it has partners from the community; it is focused on institutional barriers and bridges to local adaptation affecting small rural municipalities and Conservation Authorities (CA), and proposes elements of a community-based adaptation strategy related to water infrastructures.
5. Environmental sustainability of Canadian agriculture - Report as at 2005, focusing on key sustainability components of soil quality, water quality, air quality and biodiversity.
6. Canada's Creative Corridor - commissioned by Prince Edward Lennox and Addington Community Futures Development Corporation, with the purpose of connecting 'creative urban and rural economies within Eastern Ontario and the Mega Region'
7. The potential for use of farmland conservation agreements in Ontario - legal, tax and ownership transfer implication with regard to farmland conservation agreements
8. The economic impacts of agriculture on the economy of Frontenac, Lennox & Addington and the United Counties of Leeds and Grenville: Socio-economic profile and agriculture related business survey - Report from June 2000, research focus is on sales and jobs related to agriculture, directly or indirectly.
9. Sweet Success: Sugarcane growers are reaping an export bounty for Australia - magazine article from 1997 about the sugar industry in eastern Australia, including cane fibre (or bagasse) being used to power the sugar mills and refineries.

References:

1. ↑ CIA web site
2. ↑ Natural Resources Canada web site: Office of Energy Efficiency
3. ↑ A Canadian Biomass Inventory: Feedstocks for a Bio-based Economy - final report
4. ↑ Estimates of the full cost of transportation in Canada_Synthesis report prepared by the Economic Analysis Directorate of Transport Canada in collaboration with the Full Cost Investigation Task Force for the Policy and Planning Support Committee of the Council of Deputy Ministers Responsible of Transportation and Highway Safety
5. ↑ Ontario Ministry of Transportation web site: Southern Highways program
6. ↑ City of Stratford web site
7. ↑ Transport Canada web site: Rail Transportation
8. ↑ ^{8.0 8.1} Description of Canada's rail based freight logistics system
9. ↑ Transport Canada web site: Use of containers in Canada
10. ↑ Industry Canada web site: Green Supply Chain Management